Cardiovascular Terms to Know

Cardiovascular Terms to Know
BI 231 Alverno College 2010

If you just print this out, you'll miss some of its function. As you review it online, you can put the cursor on parts of the heart and they will be identified for you.

External Heart

Aortic area

Pulmonic area

Tricuspid area

Apical area

Apex

Apical pulse

Precordium
Mediastinum

This site gives a movie of precordium and apical pulse assessment: it also has many other physical assessment tutorials. UF College of Medicine, 2004. Online Physical Exam Teaching Assistant.

http://medinfo.ufl.edu/other/opeta/cardio/CV_ch5.html

Pericardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

Left Atrium & Ventricle

Right Atrium & Ventricle

Interventricular sulcus

Anterior interventricular artery

Coronary sulcus

Great coronary Vein

Right Coronary Artery

Left Coronary Artery

Circumflex Branch

Blood Vessels

Tunica Intima

Basement Membrane

Tunica Media

Tunica Externa

Lumen

Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary Trunk

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Arterioles

Pulmonary Capillaries

Pulmonary Venules

Pulmonary Veins

Trunk and Abdomen

Thoracic Aorta

Descending Aorta

Celiac Trunk

Superior and Inferior

Mesenteric Arteries

Hepatic Artery and Vein

Renal Arteries and Veins

Aortic Arch

Pulmonary Trunk

Pulmonary Veins

Superior & Inferior Vena Cavae

Internal Heart

Atrial Septum

Ventricular Septum

A-V Valves

Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid or Mitral Valve

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Pulmonary (pulmonic) Semilunar Valve

Papillary Muscles

Chordae Tendinae

Foramen Ovale

Conduction and contraction

SA Node

AV Node

Bundle of His

Bundle Branches

Purkinje Fibers

Korotkoff’s sounds

Heart Dissection instructions - external

Remove the outer parietal pericardium (if present) by cutting it from the apex of the heart to the base with scissors and gently peeling it off.

Identify the front of the heart, easily seen by the interventricular sulcus between the ventricles. Identify the anterior interventricular artery running down this sulcus. This artery is a major branch of the left coronary artery, which arises from the base of the aorta and runs between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk over to the left side of the heart . The other branch of the left coronary artery is the circumflex branch, which curves around the side of the heart to carry blood to the posterior side of the left ventricle.

Identify the location of the left and right ventricles by squeezing the apical walls of the heart. You will be able to feel the hollow ventricular chambers as you squeeze. The left ventricle is larger and is cone-shaped; the right ventricle is flattened and wraps around the right side of the left ventricle. The aorta comes from the left ventricle (the biggest chamber), and is often easy to identify. When you look down on the heart from above, the aorta comes up out of the center. It is very thick-walled and tough. The pulmonary trunk also is very strong and tough, and arises anterior to the aorta.

The right ventricle and right atrium are separated by a groove, the coronary sulcus. Find the right coronary artery running down this groove.
Venae cavae extend upward and downward from the right atrium. You should be able to put a probe down the superior vena cava into the right atrium and see it come out the inferior vena cava.

Find the auricles, the hollow ‘earlike’ extension of the atria.

On the posterior side of the heart you can see the left atrium. Pulmonary veins usually are cut off during removal of the heart and are often only visible as holes in the left atrium. The coronary sulcus continues around the posterior side of the heart, where it separates the left atrium from the left venticle. You can see the great coronary vein running along this sulcus.

	Color or label the diagram. If you are viewing this online, put the cursor over a structure and its name will appear in the box below. structure name Figure modified from The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989). Retrieved Nov 27, 2007 from Jensen, M., 2007. Webanatomy Image Bank at http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy
Heart dissection instructions - internal
Cut down the vena cava into the right atrium to expose the right AV valve (tricuspid valve).. Fill the right ventricle with water, pouring it in through the right AV valve. Gently squeeze the walls of the ventricle to note the closing action of the valve’s cusps. Look at the atrial septum, the wall between left and right atria, and see if you can find a roundish scar where the foramen ovale closed. This was an opening between the atria during fetal life. Drain the water from the right ventricle and continue the cut with scissors from the right atrium through the right AV valve down to the apex of the heart. Expose the right ventricle and locate the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae in the right ventricle. Cut upwards along the ventricular and atrial septa towards the base of the heart to expose the pulmonary semilunar valve. Which direction does blood flow through this valve?

Insert one blade of your scissors into the left atrium. Cut through the left atrium into the left ventricle to the apex of the heart. Note the two leaflets of the left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral valve). Also cut upwards from the left ventricle into the aortic arch to expose the aortic semilunar valve and the two openings to the coronary arteries.

Modified from Andrews, 2007. http://www.biol.andrews.edu/anat/anp2/lab/anp2.l2heartb.html

Use these vocabulary roots to answer the questions below:

brady- = slow
tachy- = fast
a- = without
anti= - against
cardio- = referring to the heart
angio- = referring to the blood vessels and lymph vessels
-megaly = enlargement
athero- or arterio- = referring to the arteries
veno- or phleb- = refering to the veins
sclerosis = hardening of a tissue, usually by fibrous deposits with calcium in them

bradycardia = ___________________________________
A fast heartbeat would be __________________________________
Asystole = _________________________________________
Phlebitis = _______________________________
An antiarrhythmic drug would be used to: __________________________________________________
Angiopathy would be ___________________________________
The study of blood vessels would be ______________________________
a tumor composed of blood vessels would be an _______________________________
Atherosclerosis = ___________________________
Acardius = _________________________________
Venopuncture = ______________________________

Quantitative Literacy!

You know systole and diastole. Now use these concepts:

Cardiac Output (CO) = heart rate x stroke volume SHOULD BE 3-6 L/min
But people are different sizes, so that will change their CO. To account for this, we measure:
Cardiac Index (CI) = Cardiac output / body surface area SHOULD BE 2.8-5.5 L/min/m2

Pulse pressure = the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure (why? Because the heart spends 2/3 of its time in diastole... the pulse pressure estimates the perfusion pressure, or the flow of blood into the tissues. It should be at least 60 mm Hg.)
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) = the pressure in the veins. This is measured by putting a catheter into the vena cava, so we won't do it in this lab...
Peripheral Resistance or Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) = 80 x (MAP - CVP ) / CO in L/min (normally 800-1200. This reflects whether blood vessels are dilated or constricted. If they are constricted, the resistance will go up and less blood will flow into the tissues.)

A man has been brought into the ICU after cardiac surgery. Fill in the chart::

HR = 94 bpm
SV = 37 mL/beat
Systolic BP (SBP) = 78 mm Hg
Diastolic BP (DBP) = 52 mm Hg
CVP = 6 mm Hg

Weight 204 lb
Height 6'1"

CO = ________________________________

CI = _________________________________

PP = _________________________________

MAP = _______________________________

SVR = ________________________________

Is this patient doing OK, or would you call his doctor? Give your rationale.

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